⑴ 被动语态的构成
（1）助动词be+及物动词的过去分词、
（2）情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词
现以动词ask为例，将一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态列表如下 肯定式否定式疑问式一般现在时 I am asked..
He/she is asked...
We/you/they are asked... I am not asked...
He/She is not asked...
We/you/they are not asked... Am I asked...?
Is he/she asked...？
Are we/you/they asked...？ 一般过去时 I was asked...
He/She was asked ...
We/you/they were asked... I was not asked...
He/Shewas not asked...
We/you/they were not asked Was I asked...？
Was he/she asked...?
Were we/you/they asked...? 被动语态常用于陈述事实，一般用在科技文章或新闻报道中。 一般现在时、一般过去时用be +及物动词的.过去分词，be有人称、时、数变。
完成时态have（has）done，被动将been加中间。
一般将来shall（will）do，被动变do为be done。
将来进行无被动，shall（will）be doing。
现在完成时，have（has）been done。
现、过进行be doing，被动be加being done。
情、助、有、是妥安排，一律随新主语变。
否定助后加not，疑问一助置主前。
主语恰是疑问词，直陈语序主在前。
一般情助加be done，双宾多将间宾变。
复合宾语宾变主，宾补、主补相应变。
第二句“be有人称、时、数变”即be有人称、时态和单、复数的变化。“情助”是指情态动词和助动词“must，may，can，shall，will”等一律随新主语（多是主动句中的宾语）来变化。“疑问一助置主前”是说有两个助动词的话，应把主语放在第一助动词之后或把第一助动词置于主语之前。下面详细举例说明之：
主动语态变为被动语态例句：
一般现在时：
主：We believe him.
被：He is believed by us.
一般过去时：
主：He bought his children some pens.
被：Some pens were bought for his children by him.
一般将来时：
主：Everyone will know the truth soon .
被：The truth will be known by everyone.
现在进行时：
主：Mary is making a doll.
被：A doll is being made by Mary.
过去进行时：
主：They were carrying the hurt player.
被：The hurt player was being carried by them .
现在完成时：
主：He has received the letter.
被：The letter has been received by him.
过去完成时：
主：They had built ten bridges.
被：Ten bridges had been built by them 例：
1、主动：The children gave the foreign guests a warm welcome.
被动：The foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the children.
孩子们热烈地欢迎外宾。
2、
主动：People regard him as brilliant.
被动：He is regarded as brilliant by people.
人们认为他很有才华。
以上两例都是一般时态用“be done”的事例，be有人称、时、数变，第三人称“foreign friends”是复数，时态一般过去时，所以“be done”就是“were given”，而“People regard him as brilliant”一句，被动后的“be done”就变成单数第三人称“is regarded”的形式了。
被动：
This speech was delivered by comrade Wang. （“was delivered”即为一般过去时的被动态）
这是王同志的讲演。
There was a serious train accident near the border. Two people were killed and twelve were injured.
边境发生非常严重列车事故，两人死亡，十二人受伤。
A person who is truly honest is called a straight arrow.
直言不讳的人才是真正诚实的人。
A note was passed up to the speaker.
有人给讲演者递上来一张纸条。
John was elected president of the class instead of Harry.
乔治被选为班长来代替亨利。
Volcanoes are described as active, dormant or extinct.
火山被叫做活火山，休眠火山，或者死火山。
The soldier was killed, but the train was saved.
这位战士牺牲了，然而列车得救了。
He was thought to be clever but dishonest.
他被认为很聪明但不诚实。
The first zoological garden in the United States was established in 1874.
美国的第一个动物园是1874年建立的。
Families were often broken up; wives were taken away from their husbands and children from their parents.
家庭总是被拆散，丈夫失去妻子，父母失去孩子。
The information is urgently needed.
急需这个资料。
Most environmental problems exist because adequate measures for preventing them were not taken in the past.
多数环境污染问题的存在是因为过去没有采取适当的保护措施。 “havedone”，被动将“been”加中间。
（过去完成时“had done”也包括在内）。
例：
1、主动：We have studied English for 3 years at the spare-time school.
被动：English has been studied by usfor 3 yearsat the spare-time school.（“have”随新主语变为“has”）
我们已经在夜校里学了三年英语了。
2、主动：They had proced 100 tractors by the end of last year.
被动：100 tractors had been proced by the end of last year.
到去年年底他们已生产出一百台拖拉机。
3、主动：They have set up a power station in their home town.
被动：A power station has been set up in their home town.
他们的家乡建立了一座发电站。
4、主动：They have warned us to be careful of rats.
被动：We have been warned to be careful of rats by them.
他们已提醒我们要注意老鼠。
5、主动：People have piled plastic bags full of rubbish in streets.
被动： Plastic bags full of rubbish have been piled in streets.
人们把装满垃圾的塑料袋子堆放在街上。
6、主动：We have used nuclear energy to proce electricity.
被动：Nuclear energy has been used to proce electricity by us.
核能被我们用来发电。
7、主动：No one has ever beaten him at tennis.
被动：He has never been beaten at tennis.
就网球来说还没有人是他的对手。
（“No one”涉及到全否定和部分否定问题，见否定一讲）
The person who owns the gun may try to deny that he has used it. But anyone seeing the smoke knows the gun has just been fired.
有枪的人可能会试图否认他开了枪。但是任何看到枪冒的烟的人都会知道他刚才开了枪。
Today is Cilia's wedding day, she has just been married to Bob.
今天是西丽亚的新婚日，她刚刚和鲍勃结婚。
The subjects of these lectures have been announced by the lecture committee.
演讲委员会已宣布了这些讲演的题目。
过去完成时也是一样：
主动：Somebody had cleaned my shoes.
被动：My shoes had been cleaned by somebody.
有人已把我的鞋子擦了。
主动：When I returned I found that they had towed (tow) my car away, I asked why they had done this and they told me that it was because I had parked it under a "No Parking Sign".
被动：My car had been towed away. I asked why this had been done and told that...it had been parked under a "No Parking Sign".
当我回来时，发现我的车被拖走了。我问他们为什么这么干。他们告诉我说因为我把车停在“禁止停车”的区域。
主动：They had build three ships by last December.
被动：By last December three ships had been built by them.
到去年年底他们已建造了三艘船。
Research had been centred on the improvement of natural building materials before synthetics were created.
合成材料造出之前，研究工作集中在改进天然建筑材料上。
He did not say if all those steel pipes had been examined.
他并没有说那些钢管是否都检验过。
After plastic had been created, engineers were given a much wide choice of materials.
塑料发明之后，工程师们在材料选择上有了更广阔的途径。 “shall(will) do”，被动变“do”为“be done”
即由“shall do”或“will do”变为“shall done”或“will be done”。
例：主动：We shall build several big modern power plants in our city.
被动：Several big modern power plants will be built in our city.
我市将建立几座大型现代化的发电厂。
（“shall do”中的“shall”要随新主语变为“will”，“do”要变为“be done”。）
主动：I shall send my second boy to school next September.
被动：My second boy will be sent to school next September.
过年九月我将送我次子去读书。
主动：In order to fool people cheaps and swindlers will make such bricks out of lead covering the "lead brick" with gold.
被动：Such bricks will be made out of lead covering the "lead brick" with gold by swindlers.
砖块外面会被骗子们镀上一层金来做这样的“金砖”。
主动：They will ask you a lot of strange questions.
被动：You will be asked a lot of strange questions by them.
他们将问你许多怪题。
被动句中的“by”引出的宾语，一般说来，如果是人称代词你、我、他等，均可省略，“someone no one”不由“by”来引出。如果是名词不能省略，但当今英语也都可省略了。
主动：The Chinese people will make more space explorations in the future.
被动：More space explorations will be made in the future by the Chinese people.
中国人民在未来将进行更多的太空探索。
同样：
After a period of use, the batteries should be changed. 电池使用一段时间后，应该更换。
Usually, the electricity is on for 24 hours. But tomorrow it will be cut off in the day time. 通常是整天供电的，但是明天早晨将会停电。
More peaceful uses will be found for nuclear explosives in the future. 在将来会发现更多的和平利用核爆炸的途径。
More hard work will be needed to make this wonder come true in a short time from now. 为了在短时间内实现这个奇迹，从现在开始需要做更多工作。
The machine will not be used again. 这机器不能再用了。
Will more gas be needed? 需要更多的煤气吗？
但如果是一般过去将来时如何处理呢？请记下面口诀：
一般过去将来时，过去某时将发生。
主动“should（would）”“do”，被动“be done”代原形。
将来进行无被动，现在完成时同。
主动：A few days ago we were still not quite sure whether we should carry out the new plan ahead of time.
被动：whether the new plan would be carried out ahead of time.
几天前，我们还不能肯定能否应该提前执行新的计划。
主动：I did not say that we would change the equipment.
被动：I did not say that the equipment would be changed.
我并没说过我们将换掉那台设备。
主动：My supervisor told me that he would give me a special tutorial a few days ago.
被动：My supervisor told me that a special tutorial would be given to me a few days ago.
几天前，我的导师说他将对我进行个别辅导。
主动：I never thought that he would bring me the information so early.
被动：I never thought that the information would be brought to me by him so early.
我没想到他那么早就会把资料带给我。 将来进行时无被动，shall（will）be doing，
现在完成时同。have（has）been doing，
即将来进行时表示动作在将来某一时刻或某个阶段正在进行，现在完成时表示某一行为发生在过去。
例；We hope your company will soon be sending an engineer over to check this equipment. （将来进行时）我们希望贵公司早些派一名工程师来检查这台设备。
In a few minutes our passenger plane will be flying in the stratosphere.（将来进行时）几分钟后我们的客机将在同温层中飞行。
We hope scientists will be tapping new energy sources to meet the need for power. 我们希望科学家们将发掘新的能源来满足能量的需要。（将来进行时）
What will you be doing this evening? 今晚你将做什么？（将来进行时）
I have been living in Anshan Since 1980.（现在完成时）1980年以来，我一直住在鞍山。
How long have you been studying English? 你学英语多久了？（现在完成时）
We have been waiting at the airport for the because of the thick fog. 由于大雾，我们已经在机场等了一整天了。（现在完成时）
Since then, applied mathematicians have been coping successfully with many problems in astronomy. 从那时以来，应用数学家成功地处理了许多天文学上的问题。
（现在完成时）以上均无被动态。 现在进行时或过去进行时都是“be”的人称、时和数的形式加“doing”。而被动态则是“be”加上“being done”的形式，“being”是不变的。现在进行时和过去进行时的被动态是被动态的重点，容易搞错。例如：
主动：The workers are repairing the main building of the Northeast Engineering Institute.
被动：The main building of the Northeast Engineering Institute is being repaired by the workers.
工人们正在维修东北工学院主楼。
Two reservoirs are being built at the same time. 两座水库同时建造。
The nasty question is being considered by the committee members. 委员会的委员们正在考虑那个棘手的问题.
Equipment and foodstuffs are being flown to the flood stricken areas. 设备和食品正在被空运到灾区。
The building of another fly-over is being planned. 他们在计划修建另一座跨线桥。
We could not get through because the 19th Road was being repaired. 我们过不去，因为一九路正维修呢。 情、助、有、是妥安排，一律随新主语变。
带情态动词和助动词等的被动态如何处理比较复杂。要随新的主语来变化，这些词如“can, could; will, would; shall, should; may, might; must; ought to; need（需要）;have to（不得不）;be going to; to be to; used to; seem to; happen to等。例如：
主动：We must keep this inmind.
被动：This must be kept inmind.
我们必须把这个记在心里。
主动：We can put the refrigerator in that place.
被动：The refrigerator can be put in that place.
我们可以把电冰箱放在那个地方。
主动：We shall not use the washing machine again.
被动：The washing machine will not be used again.
我们不能再用那台洗衣机了。 原来的谓语“shall use”被动态中随新主语变为“will”。
主动：We shall take more measures to prevent corrosion.
被动：More measures will be taken to prevent corrosion. （“shall”变“will”）
我们将采取更多的措施来防止腐蚀。
I ought to be criticized for it. 我应该为此受到批评。
All this has to be solved with great care. 这一切得认真解决。
The lobby is going to be rebuilt. 门厅将被重建。
The exhibition is to be opened tomorrow. 展览会将在明日开放。
“may”加不定式的完成体或完成进行体表示“可能”，主要用于肯定句，决不能用在疑问句中。而“can”与不定式的完成体或完成进行体连用表示“可能”，只用于否定句和疑问句，不用于肯定句。但如果“can”或“may”的过去式即“could”与“might”与不定式完成体或完成进行体搭配时，可用于各种结构。肯、否、陈、疑，均可。
It can't have been lost in the post, can it?
它不可能是在邮局丢失的吧：（反意疑问句）
否定助后加“not”，疑问一助置主前。
在否定句的被动态中，否定副词“not”一定加在第一助动词之后，不放在别的助动词之后。同样在疑问句的被动态中，第一助动词置于主语之前。
例：Why has（一助）not anything been（二助）done to end the strike?
“not”必须放在第一助动词“has”之后，第一助动词“has”必须放在主语“anything”之前。决不可写成： why has not been anything done toendthe strike?或why has been not anything done to end the strike?
为什么不采取些措施来结束罢工呢？
The exercise will not be done in class.
不可写成：The exercise will be not done in class.
我们将不在课堂上作练习。
In what other way could（一助）information about Mars be（二助）obtained?
用什么别的途径能获得火星的资料呢？
Why had he been imprisoned?
他为什么入狱？
Need she be told about it?
需要告诉他吗？
主语恰是疑问词，直陈语序主在前
凡主语恰好是一个疑问词或由疑问词来修饰主语时，后面要用陈述语序。
例：What（主语）could be dropped from a satellite?
什么东西会被从卫星上扔下？
What measures（主语）are being taken to develop this new science?（主语为疑问词“what”所修饰）
什么措施正在被采取以发展这门新的科技？
What kind of device（主语）is needed to make the control system simple?（主语为疑问词所修饰）
需要什么装置来使控制系统简化？
What has been done to improve the techniques?
什么措施已经被采取以改进这些技术？（“what”是句子的主语）
应指出的是有的学生把We study diligently和She could see herself clearly in the mirror.都硬行变成被动了，殊不知不及物动词通常是没有被动态的。关于不及物动词、反身代词动词、同源宾语动词、系词、感官使役动词、短语动词的被动态。 1、把原主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语
2、把动词变为被动形式即be +过去分词，并注意其人称和数随主语的变化，而动词的时态则保持不变。
3、原主动句的主语如需要则放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现（注代词的宾格），如不需要则可省略。
4、其它的成分（定语、状语）不变。 理解含情态动词的被动语态的概念 含情态动词的被动语态说明某个被动性动作所反映出的感情和态度。初中阶段可用于被动语态的情态动词有“can、may、must、need、should”等，分别表示“能够被……”，“可以被……”，“必须被……”，“需要被……“，应该被……”等。 掌握含情态动词的被动语态的不同句式的变换方法含情态动词的被动语态的疑问句、否定句的变化均借助于情态动词完成。 （一）一般疑问句直接将陈述句被动语态中的情态动词提前。如： Must this work be done at once？这项工作必须立即完成吗？ Should your homework be finished before six？你的家庭作业应在六点前完成吗？
（二）特殊疑问句由疑问词加上一般疑问句被动语态构成。如： When must this work be done？这工作必须在什么时候完成？ Where can the lost book be found？这本失踪的书能在什么地方被找到？
（三）反意疑问句借助情态动词构成附加疑问部分。如： This bridge can be built next year，can't it？这座桥能建成，是吗？ This book shouldn't be taken out of the library，should it？这本书不应被带出图书馆，是吗？
（四）否定句在情态动词后面加上“not”或“never”即可，但“must”表“必要”时否定式为“needn't”。如：This work needn't be done at once．这项工作没必要立即做。This stbin shouldn't be put here．这个垃圾箱不应放在这儿。 三、含情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句的回答应保留原情态动词，但“must”表“必须”时，其否定回答应用“needn't”、“need”表“必要”时，其肯定回答应用“must”。如： —Should my exercises be finished today？我的作业应在今天完成吗？ —Yes，they should．是的，应在今天完成。 （No，they shouldn't．不，不应在今天完成。） —Must his exercise book be handed in at once？他的练习本必须立即上交吗？ —Yes，it must．是的，必须立即上交。 （No，it needn't．不，不必立即上交。） —Need he be operated on at once？他必须立即手术吗？ —Yes，he must．是的，他必须。 （No，he needn't．不，他不必。） 1）不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态（即多数的瞬间动词）：
appear, die（死亡）,disappear（消失）, end (vi. 结束）, fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand
break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place.
After the fire, very little remained of my house.
比较： rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。
（错）The price has been risen.
（对）The price has risen.
（错）The accident was happened last week.
（对）The accident happened last week.
（错）The price has raised.
（对）The price has been raised.
（错）Please seat.
（对）Please be seated.
要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。
2） 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：
fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to
This key just fits the lock.
3）系动词无被动语态（“keep”除外）：
appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
It sounds good.
4）带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态：
die, death, dream, live, life
She dreamed a bad dream last night.
5）当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。
（对）She likes to swim.
（错）To swim is liked by her.
