『壹』 手機發展史的英文介紹及中文翻譯
The history of mobile phones begins with early efforts to develop radio telephone technology and from two-way radios in vehicles and continues through emergence of modern mobile phones and associated services.
Radiophones have a long and varied history going back to Reginald Fessenden's invention and shore-to-ship demonstration of radio telephony, through the Second World War with military use of radio telephony links and civil services in the 1950s, while hand-held mobile radio devices have been available since 1973. Mobile phone history is often divided into generations (first, second, third and so on) to mark significant step changes in capabilities as the technology improved over the years.
Contents [hide]
1 Pioneers of radio telephony
2 Emergence of commercial mobile phone services
3 First generation: Cellular networks
4 Second generation: Digital networks
5 Third generation: High speed IP data networks
6 Growth of mobile broadband and the emergence of 4G
7 Patents
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
[edit] Pioneers of radio telephony
In 1908, U.S. Patent 887,357 for a wireless telephone was issued to Nathan B. Stubblefield of Murray, Kentucky. He applied this patent to "cave radio" telephones and not directly to cellular telephony as the term is currently understood.[1]
In 1910 Lars Magnus Ericsson installed a telephone in his car, although this was not a radio telephone. While travelling across the country, he would stop at a place where telephone lines were accessible and using a pair of long electric wires he could connect to the national telephone network.[2]
In Europe, radio telephony was first used on the first-class passenger trains between Berlin and Hamburg in 1926. At the same time, radio telephony was introced on passenger airplanes for air traffic security. Later radio telephony was introced on a large scale in German tanks ring the Second World War. After the war German police in the British zone of occupation first used disused tank telephony equipment to run the first radio patrol cars.[citation needed] In all of these cases the service was confined to specialists that were trained to use the equipment. In the early 1950s ships on the Rhine were among the first to use radio telephony with an untrained end customer as a user.
Two-way radios (known as mobile rigs) were used in vehicles such as taxicabs, police cruisers, and ambulances, but were not mobile phones because they were not normally connected to the telephone network. Users could not dial phone numbers from their vehicles. A large community of mobile radio users, known as the mobileers, popularized the technology that would eventually give way to the mobile phone. Originally, mobile two-way radios were permanently installed in vehicles, but later versions such as the so-called transportables or "bag phones" were equipped with a cigarette lighter plug so that they could also be carried, and thus could be used as either mobile or as portable two-way radios. During the early 1940s, Motorola developed a backpacked two-way radio, the Walkie-Talkie and later developed a large hand-held two-way radio for the US military. This battery powered "Handie-Talkie" (HT) was about the size of a man's forearm.
In 1946 soviet engineers G. Shapiro and I. Zaharchenko successfully tested their version of a radio mobile phone mounted inside a car. The device could connect to local telephone network with a range of up to 20 kilometers.
Top of cellular telephone towerIn December 1947, Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young, Bell Labs engineers, proposed hexagonal cells for mobile phones in vehicles.[3] Philip T. Porter, also of Bell Labs, proposed that the cell towers be at the corners of the hexagons rather than the centers and have directional antennas that would transmit/receive in three directions (see picture at right) into three adjacent hexagon cells.[4] The technology did not exist then and the frequencies had not yet been allocated. Cellular technology was undeveloped until the 1960s, when Richard H. Frenkiel and Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs developed the electronics.
During the 1950s the experiments of the pioneers started to appear as usable services across society, both commercially and culturally. In the 1954 movie Sabrina, the businessman Linus Larrabee (played by Humphrey Bogart) makes a call from the phone in the back of his limousine.
In 1957 young Soviet radio engineer Leonid Kupriyanovich from Moscow created the portable mobile phone, named after himself as LK-1 or "radiophone".[5] This true mobile phone consisted of a relatively small-sized handset equipped with an antenna and rotary dial, and communicated with a base station. Kupriyanovich's "radiophone" had 3 kilogram of total weight, could operate up to 20 or 30 kilometers, and had 20 or 30 hours of battery lifespan. LK-1 and its layout was depicted in popular Soviet magazines as Nauka i zn, 8, 1957, p. 49, Yuniy technik, 7, 1957, p. 43–44. Engineer Kupriyanovich patented his mobile phone in the same year 1957 (author's certificate (USSR Patent) # 115494, 1.11.1957). The base station of LK-1 (called ATR, or Automated Telephone Radiostation) could connect to local telephone network and serve several customers.
In 1958, Kupriyanovich resized his "radiophone" to "pocket" version. The weight of improved "light" handset was about 500 grams.
In 1967, each mobile phone had to stay within the cell area serviced by one base station throughout the phone call. This did not provide continuity of automatic telephone service to mobile phones moving through several cell areas.
In 1969, a patent for a wireless phone using an acoustic coupler for incoming calls was issued in US Patent Number 3,449,750 to George Sweigert of Euclid, Ohio on June 10, 1969. Dialing a number for outgoing calls was not provided.
The concepts of frequency reuse and handoff, as well as a number of other concepts that formed the basis of modern cell phone technology, were described in the 1970s. In 1970 Amos E. Joel, Jr., another Bell Labs engineer,[6] invented an automatic "call handoff" system to allow mobile phones to move through several cell areas ring a single conversation without loss of conversation. Also Fluhr and Nussbaum,[7] Hachenburg et al.[8] , and U.S. Patent 4,152,647, issued May 1, 1979 to Charles A. Gladden and Martin H. Parelman, both of Las Vegas, Nevada and assigned by them to the United States Government.
『貳』 蘋果發布會 PPT 最有價值的套路，不容錯過！
上周蘋果的 2018 Apple 秋季新品發布會 ，又在各大自媒體平台和朋友圈火了一把。對於這次發布會 PPT ，很多 PPT 大神都從技巧層面進行了剖析。大都分析得很到位。
所以，這次我想跟大家換個角度來分析：PPT 內容的順序安排是什麼套路？
我們先來一起來看下這次蘋果發布會的內容順序。
一 Apple Watch
首先庫克回顧了 Apple Watch 發展史。並強調了 Apple Watch 的市場地位：是全世界銷量最高、最頂級的手錶。
然後才開始發布 第一款產品 Apple Watch series 4 . 並對該款新手錶的屏幕、處理器、電池等功能進行了說明。
這款手錶的屏幕提升了 2 mm ，屏佔比提升了 35 % 和 32 % ；揚聲器音量提升了 50% 。
採用全新 64 位雙核處理器 。速度是 Series 3 的 兩倍 。
不但能 自動檢測健康狀態 ，還可以發送求助信息和實時定位 。另外續航能力也得到提升，可以續航 18 小時。
二 iPhone XS
5.8 英寸的 iPhone XS 與 6.5英寸的 iPhone XS Max 是本場發布會的主角。
還是熟悉的齊劉海，熟悉的 Face ID 人臉識別。加入了 全新的金色配色 。
這款手機的處理器十分強悍，是採用 6 核 CPU + 4 核 GPU 的超強處理器，同時具備 8 核神經引擎。
屏幕支持120 hz 刷新率， 打游戲更流暢 ，照片處理速度更快。這點對於游戲愛好者非常吸引。
採用後置 1200萬 像素攝像，前置700萬像素。拍照效果很不錯，還可以調整照片的深景。
這次發布的最大新功能是 雙卡雙待功能。 解決了部分國人配兩台手機的痛點。
特別提醒： 中國地區特供，僅 iPhone XS Max 具備雙卡雙待功能，就是大屏才有雙卡雙待功能。千萬不要買錯了哦。
三 iPhone XR
6.1 英寸的 iPhone XR 是最後發布的一個產品。它的尺寸介於 iPhone XS 與 iPhone XS Max 之間。
這是一款非常值得期待的產品。它保留了 iPhone XS 的主要功能，也具備雙卡雙待功能。最重要是價格只需要6千多， 性價比十分高 。
以上就是整個發布會內容排序，我們可以總結出什麼套路呢？
如果把這次發布會的 PPT 內容， 比喻成點菜和上菜。 那這就是一次成功的點菜和上菜。 那什麼是成功的點菜和上菜呢？下圖可以告訴我們答案。
答案就是：成功的點菜要符合 「峰終定律」 。就是要點一個大菜，而且是在沖向巔峰的時刻出現。在「即將結束」時還要有一個好菜。從而讓人產生滿意的效果。
成功的點菜過程應該是這樣的：
一 按人頭數點菜的總個數。 不含湯和主食，可以適當加1到2個。比如：11個人聚餐，一般點11個菜加一個湯。 有些地方圖吉利，點菜會湊夠雙數。
二 按男士人數點葷菜個數 。比如：10個人聚餐，有7個男士，一般點7個葷菜。
三 按女士人數點葷菜個數 。比如：10個人聚餐，有4個女士，一般點4個素菜。
四 全是男士則素菜佔1/3 。比如：9個男士聚餐，一般點6個葷菜，3個素菜。
五 相似品種盡量少重復 。比如：點了白切雞，就不點蔥油雞。點了燒鵝，就不點燒鴨。
六 要點一道招牌大菜。 大菜一般是店裡的招牌菜。很有可能是最貴的那個菜。如果因為費用問題，也要點一個比較常規的大菜。
七 大菜既要好看又要好吃 。比如：刺身拼盤、海鮮拼盤等。
八 壓軸點甜品或水果 。比如：冰淇淋、西瓜等。要吃起來爽口但不撐肚子。
這次蘋果發布會的 PPT 內容的順序也是符合經濟學著名的 「峰終定律」 的。
它先用 Apple Watch 熱場。 在 「沖向巔峰」 的時候， 本次發布會的主角 iPhone XS 登場，並在這個時候介紹了最大的新功能——雙卡雙待。
在 「即將結尾」 的時候， 發布了讓人期待的和極具性價比的 iPhone XR。
整場發布會的 PPT 內容排序是從鋪墊內容開始，再到主打產品內容發布，最後發布一個期待產品結尾，完全符合 「峰終定律」 。
舉一反三，該定律在其他場景的應用：
應用一，工作總結 PPT 內容排序
工作總結 PPT 的內容，根據 「峰終定律」 ，應該把最亮點內容放在中間，作為重點來展開說。比如：工作中的改善項目或已推進的重點項目。
把次亮點的內容放在最後，比如：即將要開展的重點項目，回顧過去榮譽和展望等。
應用二，線下店的促銷
假如你是開下線店的，可以學習宜家的 「1元冰淇淋」。 在買單處，客戶可以用1元錢買到一個冰淇淋，心滿意足地離開。這就是利用「峰終定律」，在用戶「即將結束」體驗時，鎖住美好。
應用三，年會的節目順序安排
很多年會抽獎都喜歡把一等獎放到最後。根據「峰終定律」應該把一等獎放在年會的中間，起到「沖向巔峰」的作用。在年會結束前，可以派發每人一份精美的紀念禮品。讓所有人都有一個美好的回憶。
學會 「峰終定律」 這個套路，不但可以讓你的 PPT 內容排序更加成功；
還可以讓你在很多商業場景獲得成功。甚至可以讓你的一次約會或旅行變得更加美好。
這是不是一個很有價值的套路呢？
以上為本期內容，希望你能夠喜歡。下期再見！
點擊閱讀 相關文章 ：
技巧 | 美化 PPT 圖表的技巧
技巧 | 倒計時製作方法
技巧 | 文字拆分與組合效果
技巧 | 文字遮擋效果
『叄』 IT是什麼行業
IT籠統的講就是互聯網技術行業，因為它所包含的東西比較廣泛，所以很多工作都可以算是這個行業，一般來說和計算機、互聯網有關聯的都可以認為和IT是沾邊的，所以不要認為只有互聯網才是IT，像現在比較熱門的短視頻、網路設計、軟體開發等等也可以算是這個行業里的。從事IT需要學習的東西也較多，包含計算機、基礎語言、設計類、專項設計等等。
IT是什麼行業
1、定義
IT簡稱internet technology，也叫作互聯網技術，所以它指的是互聯網技術行業，也可以認為是在計算機技術上創建的一種信息技術類的行業。它包括硬體、軟體和應用三個部分，並不是簡單的只指網路技術。
2、組成部分
IT有感測技術、通信技術、計算機技術三種主要構成部分，其中感測技術就是感官的延伸和拓展，比如手機掃碼就是感測技術的體現。通信技術則是傳遞信息，比如發送聊天信息。計算機技術則是對信息的處理。
3、發展歷史
IT行業從1936年開始出現，當計算機出現它就已經存在，因為它是和計算機息息相關的，所以它的歷史非常悠久，而且行業也相當的成熟，並且它所包括的范圍非常的廣泛，基本上和我們的生活息息相關。
IT行業是做什麼的
它可從事的職業類型很多很多，比如硬體類的計算機維護和設計；軟體類的系統分析師、項目管理師、架構設計師等；網路類的網路工程師、管理員等；設計類的平面設計師、UI設計師；商務類的網路編輯、網路銷售等等。
IT行業學什麼比較好入門
IT行業需要學習的東西比較廣泛，首先是計算機的基礎知識比如辦公軟體word、ppt、ps等軟體的使用，其次是基礎語言比如c++、Java、python等，設計類的UI設計、網頁設計等等。而高端一些的有安卓、web前端設計等等。