⑴ 灞炵尓鐨勪漢鍜屽摢涓灞炵浉鏈鍚堬紝灞炵浉鐚鍜岃皝閰嶆洿濂
灞炵尓鐨勪漢鍜屽摢涓灞炵浉鏈鍚
灞炵尓鍜屼粈涔堢敓鑲栨渶閰嶏紵
灞炵尓鐨勬渶閰嶇敓鑲栦箣涓鍚嶏細鉶
浜ョ尓涓庡瘏鉶庯紝鍥犳ゆ渶瀹滄壘涓灞炶檸鐨勫硅薄錛屾や箖涓婁笂絳夊氶厤銆
灞炵尓鐨勬渶閰嶇敓鑲栫浜屽悕瀹滈厤錛氱緤銆佸厰
灞炵尓浜烘渶閰嶅睘緹婏紝鍏旓紝鉶庡ぇ鍚変簲浜嬪叾鏄岋紝瀹夊瘜灝婅崳錛屽瓙瀛欏仴澹錛岀Н璐㈠氱忋
濡傛灉浣犱笌鐢熻倴緹娿佺敓鑲栧厰鎴愪負鎯呬荊錛岄偅涔堜綘浠浜屼漢鐨勬劅鎯呯姸鎬佷細鍦ㄥ垰鍒氱浉璇嗙殑鏃跺欏氨濂犲畾浜嗙ǔ涓鏈夊崌鐨勫熀紜錛屽洜涓鴻繖涓や釜鐢熻倴鐨勬儏渚ｅ逛綘鏉ヨ翠笉浣嗕細鍦ㄦ劅鎯呬笂緇欎簣浣犲拰嫻婕錛岃屼笖榪樹細鍦ㄤ綘鐨勫伐浣溿佷簨涓氫笂鏀鎸佷綘銆佸崗鍔╀綘錛屽洜姝や笉浣嗘槸浣犳劅鎯呬笂鐨勫ソ浼翠荊錛岃屼笖榪樻槸浣犱簨涓氫笂鐨勨滃悎浼欎漢鈥濓紝鍥犳わ紝瀵逛簬浣犱滑鏉ヨ達紝鎰熸儏鏄涓閿呴欐祿鐨勯浮奼わ紝鍙鏈夌敤灝忕伀鐑瑰埗錛屾墠浼氳秺鏉ヨ秺嫻撱
灞炵尓鐨勫繉閰嶇敓鑲栵細錏囷紙宸憋級銆佺尨錛堢敵錛
蹇岄厤灞炵尨錛岃泧錛岀尓鐚翠笉鍒板ご錛屾湞鏈濇棩鏃ユ唱錛屾瘮鑳藉叡闀誇箙錛岀粓鐢熼毦浜庡垢紱忋
灞炵尓鐨勫睘鐩擱愭湀濠氶厤琛
涓鏈堢敓灞炵尓鐨勪漢錛岀洿鎬у瓙錛屽コ鎬у疁閰嶅厰騫寸敺鎬э紝鐢鋒у疁閰嶈泧騫村コ鎬с
浜屾湀鐢熷睘鐚鐨勪漢錛岃繃浠藉疄鎯狅紝鐢鋒у疁閰嶅厰騫村コ鎬э紝濂蟲у疁閰嶈檸騫寸敺鎬с
涓夋湀鐢熷睘鐚鐨勪漢錛屾劅鎯呭啿鍔錛屽コ鎬у疁閰嶉緳騫寸敺鎬э紝鐢鋒у疁閰嶈檸騫村コ鎬с
鍥涙湀鐢熷睘鐚鐨勪漢錛屽厖婊℃枟蹇楋紝濂蟲у疁閰嶈檸騫寸敺鎬э紝鐢鋒у疁閰嶈泧騫村コ鎬с
浜旀湀鐢熷睘鐚鐨勪漢錛屼緷璧栨у己錛岀敺鎬у疁閰嶉┈騫村コ鎬э紝濂蟲у疁閰嶇墰騫寸敺鎬с
鍏鏈堢敓灞炵尓鐨勪漢錛屽氭剚鍠勬劅錛岀敺鎬у疁閰嶈泧騫村コ鎬э紝濂蟲у疁閰嶇尨騫寸敺鎬с
涓冩湀鐢熷睘鐚鐨勪漢錛岀敓鎬ф噿鎯幫紝鐢鋒у疁閰嶇緤騫村コ鎬э紝濂蟲у疁閰嶉┈騫寸敺鎬с
鍏鏈堢敓灞炵尓鐨勪漢錛屾枟蹇楁椇鐩涳紝濂蟲у疁閰嶈檸騫寸敺鎬э紝鐢鋒у疁閰嶇緤騫村コ鎬с
涔濇湀鐢熷睘鐚鐨勪漢錛屽嶮鍒嗘搷蹇冿紝濂蟲у疁閰嶉紶騫寸敺鎬э紝鐢鋒у疁閰嶇緤騫村コ鎬с
鍗佹湀鐢熷睘鐚鐨勪漢錛岀儹鎯呭紑鏈楋紝鐢鋒у疁閰嶇緤騫村コ鎬э紝濂蟲у疁閰嶈檸騫寸敺鎬с
鍗佷竴鏈堢敓灞炵尓鐨勪漢錛屼笉鍠勪氦闄咃紝濂蟲у疁閰嶉┈騫寸敺鎬э紝鐢鋒у疁閰嶇尨騫村コ鎬с
鍗佷簩鏈堢敓灞炵尓鐨勪漢錛岃屽姩鏋滄柇錛屽コ鎬у疁閰嶈檸騫寸敺鎬э紝鐢鋒у疁閰嶇緤騫村コ鎬с
灞炵尓鐨勫拰浠涔堝睘鐩告渶閰?
灞炵尓鐨勫疁閰嶅睘鐩稿氶厤琛錛氱緤銆佸厰銆佽檸澶у悏錛屼簲浜嬪叾鏄岋紝瀹夊瘜灝婅崳錛屽瓙瀛欏仴澹錛岀Н璐㈠氱忋
灞炵尓鐨勫繉閰嶅睘鐩稿氶厤琛錛氱尨銆佽泧錛岀尓鐚翠笉鍒板ご錛屾湞鏈濇棩鏃ユ唱錛屾瘮鑳藉叡闀誇箙錛岀粓鐢熼毦浜庡垢紱忋
灞炵尓鐨勫睘鐩稿氶厤琛錛
鐢風尓+濂抽紶錛氱殑濠氬Щ錛屽彧瑕佸コ鏂逛笉榪囦簬濂旀斁銆
濂崇尓+鐢烽紶錛氬拰鐫︾浉澶勶紝鐢熸椿騫哥忋
鐢風尓+濂崇墰錛氫笉浼氭劅鍒版儏鍜岀埍鐨勶紝鍥犱負鍙屾柟閮戒細鍚戝栧彂灞曘
濂崇尓+鐢風墰錛氱敺鏂瑰瑰コ鏂規湁寰堝己鐨勫惛寮曞姏銆
鐢風尓+濂寵檸錛氬彲鋙嶆唇鍦板叡鍚岀敓媧伙紝浣嗗コ鏂硅佹敞鎰忎笉鑳借繃鍒嗚糠鎮嬬敺鏂廣
濂崇尓+鐢瘋檸錛氬郊姝や簡瑙ｅ苟浠版厱錛屾湁瓚沖熺殑鑳介噺鐓ф枡瀵規柟銆
鐢風尓+濂沖厰錛氫細鏈夌殑濠氬Щ銆
濂崇尓+鐢峰厰錛氬嶮鍒嗙編濂界殑涓瀵廣
鐢風尓+濂抽緳錛氬彲鐢熸椿鍦ㄤ竴璧鳳紝浣嗗コ鏂瑰お澶栧悜錛岀敺鏂硅佹噦寰楀ぇ搴︺
濂崇尓+鐢烽緳錛氬嶮鍒嗚瀺媧斤紝濂蟲柟鎳傚緱濡備綍鐓ф枡鍜岀埍鎶ょ敺鏂廣
鐢風尓+濂寵泧錛氫笉澶鍚堥傘傜敺鏂硅佽嚜鎴戣皟鏁村幓閫傚簲濂蟲柟錛屼絾涔呬簡灝變細鏈夋ㄨ█銆
濂崇尓+鐢瘋泧錛氫笉澶閫傚悎銆傜敺鏂逛笉鑳介傚簲濂蟲柟鐨勮劸姘斻
鐢風尓+濂抽┈錛氫袱浜虹殑鎬ф牸涓嶅悓錛岀浉澶勪笉浼氬揩涔愩
濂崇尓+鐢烽┈錛氫細鏈夊皬鎽╂摝錛屼笉瀹滅粨鍚堛
鐢風尓+濂崇緤錛氱敺鏂逛細浜х敓涓嶇煡濡備綍寤虹珛涓堝か鏉冨▉鐨勫嵄鏈烘劅
濂崇尓+鐢風緤錛氬彲鍏卞悓鐢熸椿錛屽弻鏂逛細涓哄規柟鐫鎯熾
鐢風尓+濂崇尨錛氱敺鏂圭殑鎬ф牸銆佹墠鑳界瓑浼氫嬌濂蟲柟鎰熷埌騫哥忋佹弧鎰忋
濂崇尓+鐢風尨錛氭槸鐨勫氬Щ銆傞兘涓嶄細鍘屽﹀規柟錛岃兘涓哄規柟璁炬兂銆
鐢風尓+濂抽浮錛氱敺鏂圭殑瀹藉廣佷綋璐達紝鍙浣垮コ鏂規劅鍒板揩涔愩
濂崇尓+鐢烽浮錛氬コ鏂圭殑榪囦喚鎸戝墧浣跨敺鏂規劅鍒板帉鍊︺
鐢風尓+濂崇嫍錛氬垢紱忕殑涓瀵癸紝鍥犱負鍙屾柟鑳戒簰璋呬簰淇°
濂崇尓+鐢風嫍錛氬緢濂界殑鍏崇郴錛屽彲浠ュ湴鐢熸椿銆
鐢風尓+濂崇尓錛氬ぉ鐢熺殑涓瀵癸紝鍥犲弻鏂硅兘褰兼や簡瑙ｃ
濂崇尓+鐢風尓錛氬ぉ鐢熺殑涓瀵癸紝浣犱滑浼氫負灝嗘潵鐨勫垢紱忓叡鍚屽姫鍔涖
灞炵尓鐨勫拰浠涔堝睘鐩告渶閰嶄竴鏂囧睘浜庝腑鍥戒紶浼犳枃鍖栫煡璇嗐備粎渚涘弬鑰冿紝闈炵戝﹁茶В銆
浠ヤ笂灝辨槸涓庡睘鐚鐨勪漢鍜屽摢涓灞炵浉鏈鍚堢浉鍏沖唴瀹癸紝鏄鍏充簬灞炵尓鐨勫垎浜銆傜湅瀹屽睘鐩哥尓鍜岃皝閰嶆洿濂藉悗錛屽笇鏈涜繖瀵瑰ぇ瀹舵湁鎵甯鍔╋紒
⑵ 灞炵尓閰嶄粈涔堝睘鐩稿ソ錛
銆銆鐢熻倴鐚鍑虹敓騫翠喚鏄1935銆1947銆1959銆1971銆1983銆1995銆2007銆2019騫達紝鏄鍦ㄥ嶮浜岀敓鑲栭噷闈㈡帓琛岀鍗佷簩鐨勩傞偅涔堜綘鐭ラ亾鐢熻倴鐚鐨勬ф牸鏄鎬庢牱鐨勫悧錛熷睘鐚浜轟笌浜虹浉澶勬槸鍜屽鉤鐨勶紝涓嶄細鏈夌珵浜夌殑銆傚湪鍗佷簩灞炵浉閲岄潰錛岀敓鑲栫尓鏄涓庝粈涔堝睘鐩哥浉閰嶇殑鍛錛熷睘鐚涓庡睘鉶庣殑浜烘槸鏈閰嶇殑銆
銆銆灞炵尓鐨勫拰浠涔堝睘鐩告渶閰
銆銆灞炵尓鐨勬渶閰嶇敓鑲栫涓鍚嶏細鉶
銆銆浜ョ尓涓庡瘏鉶庡叚鍚堬紝鍥犳ゆ渶瀹滄壘涓灞炶檸鐨勫硅薄錛屾や箖涓婁笂絳夊氶厤銆
銆銆灞炵尓鐨勬渶閰嶇敓鑲栫浜屽悕瀹滈厤錛氱緤錛堟湭錛夈佸厰錛堝嵂錛
銆銆灞炵尓浜烘渶閰嶅睘緹婏紝鍏旓紝鉶庡ぇ鍚変簲浜嬪叾鏄岋紝瀹夊瘜灝婅崳錛屽瓙瀛欏仴澹錛岀Н璐㈠氱忋
銆銆灞炵尓鐨勫繉閰嶇敓鑲栵細錏囷紙宸憋級銆佺尨錛堢敵錛
銆銆蹇岄厤灞炵尨錛岃泧錛岀尓鐚翠笉鍒板ご錛屾湞鏈濇棩鏃ユ唱浜ゆ祦錛屾瘮鑳藉叡闀誇箙錛岀粓鐢熼毦浜庡垢紱忋
銆銆灞炵尓鐨勫繉閰嶇敓鑲栫殑姝岃瘈錛氣滄睙鐚涓嶆暍璺抽緳闂ㄢ
銆銆杈伴緳鍏嬪埗浜ョ尓錛岃景涓哄湡錛屼亥涓烘按錛屸滄按鏉ュ湡鎺┾濓紝姘村彈鍦熺殑鍏嬪埗錛岃繖縐嶅厠鍒朵篃鏄鏈夊姏涔嬪厠錛屼袱鑰呯殑緇撳悎鍙鑳戒細褰卞搷鍒拌儲榪愶紝鍥犱負鈥滆景鈥濅負搴擄紝璐㈠簱鍙楀厠鍒舵諱細褰卞搷璐㈣繍銆
銆銆灞炵尓鐨勫睘鐩擱愭湀濠氶厤琛
銆銆涓鏈堢敓灞炵尓鐨勪漢錛岀洿鎬у瓙錛屽コ鎬у疁閰嶅厰騫寸敺鎬э紝鐢鋒у疁閰嶈泧騫村コ鎬с
銆銆浜屾湀鐢熷睘鐚鐨勪漢錛岃繃浠藉疄鎯狅紝鐢鋒у疁閰嶅厰騫村コ鎬э紝濂蟲у疁閰嶈檸騫寸敺鎬с
銆銆涓夋湀鐢熷睘鐚鐨勪漢錛屾劅鎯呭啿鍔錛屽コ鎬у疁閰嶉緳騫寸敺鎬э紝鐢鋒у疁閰嶈檸騫村コ鎬с
銆銆鍥涙湀鐢熷睘鐚鐨勪漢錛屽厖婊℃枟蹇楋紝濂蟲у疁閰嶈檸騫寸敺鎬э紝鐢鋒у疁閰嶈泧騫村コ鎬с
銆銆浜旀湀鐢熷睘鐚鐨勪漢錛屼緷璧栨у己錛岀敺鎬у疁閰嶉┈騫村コ鎬э紝濂蟲у疁閰嶇墰騫寸敺鎬с
銆銆鍏鏈堢敓灞炵尓鐨勪漢錛屽氭剚鍠勬劅錛岀敺鎬у疁閰嶈泧騫村コ鎬э紝濂蟲у疁閰嶇尨騫寸敺鎬с
銆銆涓冩湀鐢熷睘鐚鐨勪漢錛岀敓鎬ф噿鎯幫紝鐢鋒у疁閰嶇緤騫村コ鎬э紝濂蟲у疁閰嶉┈騫寸敺鎬с
銆銆鍏鏈堢敓灞炵尓鐨勪漢錛屾枟蹇楁椇鐩涳紝濂蟲у疁閰嶈檸騫寸敺鎬э紝鐢鋒у疁閰嶇緤騫村コ鎬с
銆銆涔濇湀鐢熷睘鐚鐨勪漢錛屽嶮鍒嗘搷蹇冿紝濂蟲у疁閰嶉紶騫寸敺鎬э紝鐢鋒у疁閰嶇緤騫村コ鎬с
銆銆鍗佹湀鐢熷睘鐚鐨勪漢錛岀儹鎯呭紑鏈楋紝鐢鋒у疁閰嶇緤騫村コ鎬э紝濂蟲у疁閰嶈檸騫寸敺鎬с
銆銆鍏嶈垂綆楀懡緗戞湀鐢熷睘鐚鐨勪漢錛屼笉鍠勪氦闄咃紝濂蟲у疁閰嶉┈騫寸敺鎬э紝鐢鋒у疁閰嶇尨騫村コ鎬с
銆銆鍗佷簩鏈堢敓灞炵尓鐨勪漢錛岃屽姩鏋滄柇錛屽コ鎬у疁閰嶈檸騫寸敺鎬э紝鐢鋒у疁閰嶇緤騫村コ鎬с
銆銆灞炵尓鏈閰嶇殑灞炵浉
銆銆閰嶅厰錛氬厰浼氳鐚鐨勬墠鏅哄惛寮曪紝鐚鐨勭儹鎯呬篃鑳芥墦鍔ㄧ氦緇嗙殑鍏斻
銆銆閰嶉緳錛氬媷鏁㈢殑榫欒╃尓鎰熷畨鍏錛岀矖蹇冨ぇ鎰忕殑榫欎篃闇鐚鍦ㄤ竴鏃併
銆銆閰嶇尓錛氫釜鎬х浉榪戱紝鏈夎翠笉瀹岀殑璇濓紝鐩告暚濡傚懼埌鑰併
銆銆蹇岄厤鐩歌泧 銆佺尨錛屽叾浠栫敓鐩告″悏銆
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