1. 鎴垮瓙銆佽濺瀛愩佸╁瓙銆佺エ瀛愶紝鍝涓涓璇濋樺湪鑱婂ぉ鏃舵渶鍚稿紩浣狅紵
鍏跺疄闅忕潃騫撮緞鐨勬垚闀匡紝鎱㈡參鐨勫氨浼氬拰韜杈圭殑浜鴻ㄨ虹殑浜嬫儏涓嶄竴鏍蜂簡錛屽氨姣斿傚墠涓孌墊椂闂磋磋佸悓瀛﹁仛浼氾紝鎴戜竴鐪嬬粍緇囩殑鍜屽弬鍔犵殑浜洪兘鏈変竴涓鍏卞悓鐐癸紝灝辨槸浠栦滑閮芥湁瀛╁瓙浜嗭紝鎴戜竴鎯沖氨娌″幓錛屽幓浜嗗惉浠栦滑璇村╁瓙璇村ザ綺夛紝鎴戣偗瀹氬彈涓嶄簡錛岃繖涓嶄粎浠呮槸騫撮緞鐨勪簨鎯咃紝榪樻湁寰堝氱嶈繖鏍風殑鎯呭喌銆
浣嗘槸灝遍樹富鐨勯棶棰橈紝鎴垮瓙錛岃濺瀛愶紝瀛╁瓙錛岀エ瀛愯繖鍑犱釜閫夋嫨錛屾垜澶ф傜粰鎴戝拰韜杈逛漢璁ㄨ虹殑浜嬫儏鍒嗕釜綾誨ソ浜嗐
棣栧厛鎴戜滑璁ㄨ烘渶澶氱殑灝辨槸鎴垮瓙浜嗭紝鉶界劧璇磋繖涓紜瀹炲拰騫撮緞鏈夊叧緋伙紝浣嗘槸瀹為檯涓婄『鏄鍥犱負鏈榪戜竴鐩村湪鐪嬫埧瀛愶紝韜杈逛篃澶ф傛湁涓冨叓涓浜轟竴璧峰湪鐪嬫埧瀛愶紝鎴垮瓙榪欎釜璇濋樺凡緇忚ㄨ轟簡灝嗚繎涓や釜鏈堜簡錛屾垜綆楁槸鏈鍏堜笅鎵嬬殑錛岃ㄨ虹殑鍐呭瑰氨浠庝箣鍓嶆垜闂浠栦滑鐨勬剰瑙佸埌鐜板湪浠栦滑闂闂鎴戠殑鎰忚侊紝璁ㄨ烘埧瀛愮殑鍐呭逛篃鍩烘湰涓婂氨鏄鏈鍦版埧瀛愮殑浣嶇疆浠鋒牸涔嬬被鐨勪簡錛屾瘯絝熻繕鏈夊ソ鍑犱釜浜哄湪鐪嬶紝榪欎釜璇濋樺彲鑳借繕瑕佸湪璁ㄨ轟袱涓鏈堝惂銆
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鍏跺疄姣忓ぉ璁ㄨ虹殑璇濋樹粈涔堥兘鏈夛紝鎯沖埌鍝灝辨槸鍝浜嗭紝涓嶈繃鐜板湪鍙鑳芥洿鍔犲叧娉ㄧ殑灝辨槸涔版埧錛岃禋閽憋紝鎮嬬埍涔嬬被鐨勪簨鎯咃紝璁ㄨ虹殑鍐呭逛篃浼氭洿鍔犲嚲鍚戣繖閲岋紝鑰屽︿範錛岃亴涓氳勫垝涔嬬被鐨勪簨鎯呭氨灝戝緢澶氫簡錛屽綋鐒朵篃浼氳ㄨ哄伐浣滐紝涓嶈繃榪欎釜鏇村氭槸鍦ㄥ紑浼氱殑鏃跺欙紝姣曠珶鐢熸椿鏈鍦ㄤ箮浠涔堬紝灝變細璁ㄨ轟粈涔堛
2. 濡誨瓙.鍎垮瓙.鎴垮瓙.杞﹀瓙.紲ㄥ瓙錛屼竴杈堝瓙闅鵑亾灝變負榪欎簺錛
鍎垮瓙銆佸誨瓙銆佹埧瀛愩佽濺瀛愶紝瀵逛簬鍦ㄧ幇浠ｇぞ浼氱敓媧諱腑鐨勭敺浜烘潵璇達紝鏄娓存湜鎷ユ湁鐨勨滃洓澶т歡鈥濓紝鑰屽逛簬鍍忚礉鍏嬫眽濮嗚繖鏍風殑鍥介檯綰ц凍鐞冨法鏄熸潵璇達紝榪欎簺閮藉凡緇忓瀭鎵嬪彲寰椼傚洜涓烘湁浜嗕簨涓氬仛鍩虹錛屾墍榪芥眰鐨勬槸瀹夐哥ゥ鍜岀殑鐢熸椿銆佷繚浣戝朵漢鐨勫鉤瀹夈傚湪灝忚礉鍚嶈濺璞瀹呬勘榻愩佷笌濡誨効鍏變韓澶╀雞涔嬩箰鐨勫悓鏃訛紝涔熶細鏈変粬鐨勭儲鎮箋
灝忚礉鐨勫跺涵鎴愬憳
灝忚礉錛氬ぇ鍗路緗椾集鐗孤風害鐟熷か路璐濆厠奼夊
鐖朵翰錛氭嘲寰仿瘋礉鍏嬫眽濮
姣嶄翰錛氭戝痙鎷壜瘋礉鍏嬫眽濮
濮愬愶細鐞蟲仼
濡瑰癸細涔斿畨灝
濡誨瓙錛氱淮澶氬埄浜毬峰崱緗楁灄路浜氬綋鏂路璐濆厠奼夊
鍎垮瓙錛氬竷椴佸厠鏋椔風害鐟熷か路璐濆厠奼夊(1999騫3鏈4鏃ュ嚭鐢 )
緗楀瘑嬈路璐濆厠奼夊(2002騫9鏈1鏃ュ嚭鐢)
澶濡誨悇鐖變竴瀛
璁稿氬叧蹇冭礉鍏嬫眽濮嗗跺涵鐨勪漢閮戒細鎯籌細緇村氬埄浜氭槸鏈鐖卞ぇ鍎垮瓙甯冮瞾鍏嬫灄榪樻槸灝忓効瀛愮綏瀵嗘у憿錛熶簨瀹炰笂錛岄兘鏄鑷宸辯殑鍎垮瓙錛屽綋鐒墮兘鍠滄錛屼絾鏄褰撶埗姣嶇殑錛屽逛笉鍚岀殑瀛╁瓙澶氬皯浼氭湁涓鐐圭偣灝忓嚲蹇冨惂錛
涓嶇煡鏄鍙や漢鎬葷粨鍑烘潵鐨勶紝榪樻槸浜嬪疄鐨勭『濡傛わ紝寰堝氫漢閮借達紝澶у効瀛愮殑闀跨浉鍍忓堬紝灝忓効瀛愮殑闀跨浉鍍忕埜銆傚湪璐濆厠奼夊嗙殑瀹跺涵閲岋紝姝ｅソ涔熷簲楠屼簡榪欏彞娌℃湁鍑嗙『鍑哄勭殑鈥滆█浼犫濓紝甯冮瞾鍏嬫灄鍒氫竴鍑虹敓鏃訛紝闀垮緱灝卞儚緇村氬埄浜氾紝灝ゅ叾鐪肩潧鍜屽渾鍦嗙殑鑴歌泲鍎匡紝澹瀹炵殑浣撴牸鐪熺殑鐘瑰傜淮澶氬埄浜氱殑韜鏉垮効錛涜屽綋鐪嬪埌浜屽効瀛愮綏瀵嗘ф椂錛屼竴鐪煎氨鑳界湅鍑烘潵錛屼粬闀垮緱鍍忚礉鍏嬫眽濮嗐備笌甯冮瞾鍏嬫灄姝ｅソ鐩稿弽鐨勬槸錛岀綏瀵嗘х洰鍓嶅凡緇忎竴宀佸氾紝浣嗕粬浠嶇劧寰堢槮錛屼笉鍍忓摜鍝ラ偅涔堣儢涔庝箮錛岃繖鍙堜笌璐濆厠奼夊嗙殑韜鏉愭瀬涓虹浉浼箋
鉶界劧灝忓効瀛愬儚鐖哥埜銆佸ぇ鍎垮瓙鍍忓堝堬紝浣嗗湪騫蟲椂鐨勭敓媧諱腑錛屽仛姣嶄翰鐨勮嚜鐒惰岀劧鍦版洿鍊懼悜浜庣収欏懼皬鍎垮瓙錛岀淮澶氬埄浜氭姳緗楀瘑嬈х殑鏃跺欐瘮鎶卞竷椴佸厠鏋楀氾紝鍥犱負灝忓効瀛愭瘯絝熷皻鏈鑴辯繪瘝浜茬殑鍠傚吇鏈燂紝鎵浠ョ淮澶氬埄浜氭繪槸鎶辯潃浠栵紱鑰屽綋鐖朵翰鐨勬洿鍠滄涓庡ぇ涓鐐圭殑鍎垮瓙璁ㄨ哄悇縐嶉棶棰橈紝鍥犱負宸茬粡蹇浜斿瞾鐨勫竷椴佸厠鏋楀畬鍏ㄦ嫢鏈変簡鐙絝嬫濊冮棶棰樼殑鑳藉姏浠ュ強涓庡ぇ浜哄硅瘽鐨勮兘鍔涳紝鑰屼笖浠栧張寰堝枩嬈㈣涪鐞冿紝灝忚礉褰撶劧鏄鍜屼粬鍦ㄤ竴璧風殑鏃墮棿姣旇緝澶氥
浠庡皬鎺ュ彈瓚崇悆鈥滅啅闄垛
璐濆厠奼夊嗕笌緇村氬埄浜氾紝涓涓韙㈢悆錛屼竴涓鍞辨瓕錛屼袱浜虹殑浜嬩笟鍏卞悓钂歌捀鏃ヤ笂銆傛寜璇村╁瓙浠搴旇ョ戶鎵跨埗姣嶇殑浜嬩笟錛屼絾鏄涓や釜瀛╁瓙瀵歸煶涔愬嵈姣鏃犲叴瓚ｏ紝涔熻鎬粬浠姣曠珶榪樺皬錛屽歸煶涔愯繕娌℃湁鎰熸т笂鐨勮よ瘑錛屼笉榪囪嚦灝戝凡緇忓洓宀佸ぇ鐨勫竷椴佸厠鏋楀簲璇ユ噦寰楁ｈ祻闊充箰浜嗭紝緇村氬埄浜氭湁鏃跺欏湪瀹墮噷鍞辨瓕錛屽皬甯冮瞾鍏嬫灄灞呯劧瀚岄毦鍚銆備絾鏄瓚崇悆瀵逛簬瀛╁瓙浠鏉ヨ達紝鍗村張鏄鍙︿竴縐嶅嵃璞′簡錛岃凍鐞冨湪鍦頒笂婊氭潵婊氬幓鐨勶紝灝卞儚鏄涓涓鐜╁叿錛屽挨鍏跺逛簬澶у効瀛愬竷椴佸厠鏋楁潵璇達紝鍑犱箮姣忓ぉ閮戒笌瀹冧負浼淬
鈥滆繖澶ф傚氨鏄閬椾紶鍚э紒鎴戜滑鐨勫皬甯冮瞾鍏嬫灄錛屼粬鎬繪槸鎯崇帺鐞冿紝璺戝憖銆佽涪鍛錛屾í鍐茬洿鎾烇紝浠栨繪槸鍦ㄥ懼惉錛屽ソ鍍忎粬闅忔椂涔愪簬瀛︿範銆傚湪甯冮瞾鍏嬫灄涓夊瞾鍗婄殑鏃跺欙紝姣忓綋鎴戞妸瓚崇悆婊氬埌浠栭潰鍓嶅苟璁╀粬鎴浣忕悆錛屼粬灝變細椹涓婄敤鑴氳俯浣忥紝璁╁畠鍋滀笅鏉ワ紝鐒跺悗鍚庢挙涓姝ワ紝韜浣撲竴鑰革紝鍐嶆妸鐞冭涪鍥炵粰鎴戙傗濊礉鍏嬫眽濮嗚繖鏍瘋村埌鑷宸辯殑澶у効瀛愬竷椴佸厠鏋椼
璐濆厠奼夊嗗剁殑鍚庨櫌灝辨槸涓鍧椾笉灝忕殑鑽夊潽錛屽湪鍦哄湴鐨勪竴渚у氨鏈変竴涓鐞冮棬錛屽皬甯冮瞾鍏嬫灄緇忓父鍦ㄧ埜鐖哥殑甯﹂嗕笅涓璧風帺鐞冿紝甯冮瞾鍏嬫灄宸茬粡浣撶幇鍑轟簡涓瀹氱殑瓚崇悆澶╄祴銆備粬灝嗙埜鐖歌涪鍑虹殑浠繪剰鐞冪О涔嬩負鈥滀細鎷愬集鐨勭悆鈥濓紝涔熻鎬粬姝ｅ湪鐞㈢（錛岀敤鎬庢牱鐨勮剼娉曟墠鑳借涪鍑哄儚鐖哥埜閭ｆ牱鈥滀細鎷愬集鐨勭悆鈥濄